ABSTRACT
—Housing and working constitute two of the main social functions of a city, and the distance between them is a critical challenge. A 15-Minute City (or the city of the quarter of an hour) is a concept for a city in which citizens can access their daily necessities by foot or by bike within 15min. The concept was developed by Carlos Moreno to help tackle car hegemony and create more sustainable human-centric urban environments. The purpose of this chapter is to investigate how coworking space proximity may be a solution to materialize this challenge, especially nowadays given the worldwide rethinking of how we move and work in the city due to the COVID-19 pandemic. —This chapter presents an overview of different research streams concerned by this research question: the "15-Minute City” Concept, the third places, the coworking, and the amenities. It is completed by an empirical study of the Parisian situation in 2019 based on a census of coworking spaces derived from the Cartoviz database (of the Institute of the Paris region). Their presence is (one by one) precisely measured through localization into cadastral sections (coherent urban areas) and assessment of walking distances. The relationships with subway stations and real estate prices are analyzed, thanks to the Demande de Valeur Foncière database. —This research reveal four different results: Following the principles of the 15-Minute City, more and more high-skilled workers value their commuting time and would prefer to work in a coworking space located within walking distance than in a conventional office (approx. 70mn is the average daily commuting time in Paris). Since these workers will often switch companies in their life, their housing location choice is hard. If they are reluctant to telecommute from home (deprived of social interactions and knowledge spillovers), coworking spaces constitute third places and neighborhood amenities (as restaurants, movie theaters, or subway stations). This amenity status is observed in the real estate prices surrounding. The number of coworking spaces in Paris has now exceeded the number of subway stations. Most Parisians live within 500m from a coworking space. They constitute a dense network unevenly distributed. Because most of them are privately owned, they are over-represented in the rich downtown arrondissements, whereas they could balance the spatial inequality in employment. —Most of the urban economics literacy dedicated to the relationship between workplace location and household location consider traditional commuting time to conventional office through urban transport (especially individual cars, subway, and bus networks). But in the 15-Minute City, another way of working should be considered, since it is not possible to reach any districts of Paris in 15min, even if the transport system is improved. Working within walking distance is the most fruitful way to materialize the 15-Minute City. © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
ABSTRACT
Background: Experience from previous coronavirus outbreaks had shown that infected patients are at risk for developing psychiatric disorders, such as mood and sleep disturbances. Similarly, accumulating evidence suggests that patients with COVID-19 infection experience an excess of adverse psychological outcomes and neuropsychiatric complications [1,2]. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of COVID-19 infection and hospitalization on the mental health, quality of life, and sleep of patients following hospital discharge. Methods: Patients were assessed during follow up visits in the outpatient clinic 1-2 months after hospital discharge from a large Covid-19 reference hospital in Athens, Greece (from May 8th 2020 till February 4th 2021) using validated screening tools for Depression and Anxiety (HADS), post-traumatic stress disorder (IES-R), sleeping difficulties (Athens Insomnia Scale, AIS), and Quality of Life (EQ-5D-5L). Sociodemographic information, smoking history, co-morbidities and severity of disease (hospitalization, ICU) were also collected. Results: A total of 131 eligible patients who provided informed consent were included. Overall, Covid-19 patients experienced considerable levels of mental health symptoms following hospital discharge. Moreover, rates were significantly higher for female compared to male patients despite having shorter duration of hospitalizations (14.89 vs 18.82 bed days) and/or ICU admissions (13.51 vs 14.92). This finding was consistent across all recorded psychological outcomes i.e. depression (p=0.004), anxiety (p=0.017), traumatic stress (p<0.001), fear (p<0.001) and insomnia (p=0.002). In addition, differences in prevalence rates between genders were particularly marked for moderate levels of depression and traumatic stress and for severe levels of anxiety. Smoking and comorbidities were not found to significantly correlate with the presence of affective symptoms or sleep dysfunction. However, an association was observed between severity and the existence of comorbidity with the proportion of patients with comorbidities increasing from 67.5% of the patients with minimal depression to 91.43% to those with mild and 80% with moderate depression (p-value=0.018). Finally, quality of life was worse for patients that have had an admission in the ICU (EQ-5D-5L: 15.82 ± 5.27) compared to those who were hospitalized but did not require ICU treatment (EQ-5D-5L: 8.39 ± 2.81) (p-value<0.001). Conclusion: COVID-19 disease can have a significant psychological impact on hospitalized patients and particularly women despite the relative less severe course of their illness. This finding is in line with a previous study, showing that, despite significantly lower levels of baseline inflammatory markers, female patients suffered more for both anxiety and depression at one-month follow-up following hospital admission (3). Regardless of potential sex differences, the prevalence of moderate and severe mental illness symptoms in COVID‐19 patients may be higher compared with the general population or other high risk groups such as different patient groups or healthcare workers [2-4]. Our results highlight the need for appropriate interventions to promote physical and mental wellbeing of COVID-19 survivors and cater for long-term needs. No conflict of interest